[1-2] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

중간고사

Unit

1-3

Class            Name

In 1977, the city of Münster in Germany launched an ambitious project that would reshape its cultural identity. The “Sculpture Projects Münster,” held every ten years, invited internationally renowned artists to create site-specific works throughout the city. The goal was not merely to decorate public spaces, but to challenge citizens to rethink the meaning of art in their everyday environment.

At first, many residents were puzzled—even annoyed—by the unconventional artworks. For instance, Claes Oldenburg’s Giant Pool Balls seemed absurdly playful, while Donald Judd’s minimalist structures looked cold and unwelcoming. However, as people interacted with these installations over time, they began to see their surroundings in a new light. Children played around the sculptures, families discussed them during walks, and critics debated their cultural value.

The project ultimately transformed Münster into a living museum, where art no longer belonged only inside galleries but became an inseparable part of urban life.

윗글의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

① From Galleries to Streets: The Birth of Street Art

② Sculpture Projects Münster: Art in Everyday Spaces

③ German Art History: From Classicism to Modernism

④ The Failure of Public Art in European Cities

⑤ The Commercialization of Contemporary Art

2. 밑줄 친 site-specific의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은?

① created for a particular location

② designed to be easily moved

③ focused on traditional techniques

④ commercial and decorative

⑤ limited to museum spaces

[3-4] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

As I was heading for the next installation, I decided to stop by Münster University to check out Square Depression, which was a (a)huge success at SPM 2007. I wanted to see how the project had changed since 2007. The artist had (b)conceived this artwork during the very first exhibition in 1977, but it wasn’t finished until 30 years later, due to a lack of funding and resources. It is a concrete structure that slopes from the edges to the center, gradually (c)losing height. Instead of referring to it as a sculpture, it would be more appropriate to call it a structure or landscape. It offers a variety of views depending on the viewer’s position. Standing in the middle of Bruce Nauman’s artwork, you can enjoy the exceptional experience of seeing its horizon.

Square Depression gives the impression that an (d)inverted pyramid has been embedded in the ground. Visitors would walk on the sloping surface or even lie down on top of the construction to rest while gazing up at the sky. It functions as a sort of plaza and a massive resting spot. Unlike in a museum, where the artwork frequently takes center stage, in this piece it seemed that the people on the plaza were the (e)minor characters.

3. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

① Square Depression은 1977년에 완공되어 전시되었다.

② Square Depression은 조각품이라기보다 구조물에 가깝다고 할 수 있다.

③ 이 작품은 위로 솟아오른 피라미드 형태로 설계되어 있다.

④ 관람객은 작품 내부에서 다양한 방향의 경사를 관찰하기 어렵다.

⑤ 광장에서 작품이 중심 역할을 하여 관람객의 시선을 사로잡는다.

4. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

① (a)     ② (b)      ③ (c)     ④ (d)     ⑤ (e)

[5-6] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

When Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc was installed in Federal Plaza, New York, in 1981, the response was explosive. Supporters praised it as a groundbreaking example of site-specific art, inseparable from its physical setting. They argued that the sculpture’s massive steel wall altered people’s perception of space, forcing them to confront art in their daily routines.

Critics, however, claimed it was ugly, obstructive, and even dangerous. Office workers complained about having to walk around the wall every day, and some insisted it made the plaza feel unsafe. After years of heated debates, the government decided to remove the sculpture in 1989, sparking further controversy about the role of public art in civic spaces.

5. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The financial burden of modern art projects

② The controversy over Serra’s Tilted Arc

③ How to preserve historical monuments

④ The rise of minimalist sculpture in Europe

⑤ Government censorship of artistic expression

6. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① Tilted Arc는 1981년에 설치되었다.

② 지지자들은 작품의 장소특정성을 강조했다.

③ 많은 사무직 근로자들이 불편을 호소했다.

④ 1989년 정부는 작품을 보존하기로 결정했다.

⑤ 이 작품은 공공미술의 역할에 대한 논쟁을 촉발했다.

[7-8] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Public art is not merely decoration but a powerful way to shape how people experience their surroundings. For example, the Sculpture Projects Münster in Germany transformed the city into a living museum. Some works puzzled citizens at first, such as Giant Pool Balls scattered in a park, but over time people began to engage with them in playful and reflective ways.

Similarly, Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc in New York provoked strong reactions. Supporters praised it as a unique site-specific artwork that forced people to reconsider public space. Critics, however, complained that it blocked movement and created inconvenience. After years of debate, the sculpture was eventually removed.

These examples raise an important question: Should public art be designed mainly to serve practical purposes, or should it remain purely artistic, even if it challenges or disturbs people? Many argue that its true value lies in making society reflect, debate, and grow. In this sense, public art is valuable because it ____________________________________.

7. 윗글의 내용으로 볼 때, 공공미술에 대한 설명으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

① 공공미술은 항상 시민들의 편의성을 최우선으로 해야 한다.

② 공공미술은 논란을 일으키기 때문에 사회적으로 불필요하다.

③ 공공미술은 때때로 불편을 주지만 사회적 성찰을 촉진한다.

④ 공공미술은 미술관 안에서만 진정한 가치를 발휘한다.

⑤ 공공미술은 예술가 개인의 이익을 위한 장치에 불과하다.

8. 윗글의 마지막 문장을 주어진 단어를 사용하여 완성하시오.

In this sense, public art is valuable because it ____ ________________________________________________.

not only, provokes, provides, but also, thought and discussion, beauty

[9-10] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Lee: Could you give some examples of the ________ differences between Easterners and Westerners?

Nisbett: If you look at a Korean company’s ads in the U.S., they may have text like “I’m unique and I’m going to do great things with △△△△.” In Korea, it’s likely to be something like “△△△△ is another family,” a message of seeking harmony and hope with fellow Koreans. That’s a very different kind of emphasis.

And if I give you three things to think about―a cow, a cat, and grass―which two do you think go together? If you’re an East Asian, you’re likely to say, “Well, the cow goes with the grass because cows eat grass.” If you’re a Westerner, you’re likely to say, “Well, the cow goes with the cat because they’re both animals.”

There’s also a clever experiment conducted by a social psychologist, where he asks people to draw a circle representing themselves and other circles representing their closest acquaintances. Then they’re told to draw connections between themselves and each of those people, and to draw connections between each of those people to the extent that they’re connected to each other.

①The picture you get from Americans is going to have their own circle in the center, usually larger than those of their acquaintances. ②East Asians, however, are likely to have their own circle off to the side, and it will be the same size as those of their acquaintances, or perhaps even smaller. ③In fact, traditional East Asian paintings often show people very small. ④The self is a really big deal in the West. ⑤In the East, the self is just one of many.

9. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① social               ② linguistic

③ economic           ④ advertising

⑤ categorization

10. 윗글의 마지막 단락에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

①         ②         ③         ④         ⑤

[11-12] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Lee: So where did formal logic come from?

Nisbett: The story goes that Aristotle got sick of listening to (a)lousy arguments in the market and at political assemblies. And one of the types of logic that he spoke about is syllogism, which has premises and a (b)conclusion. So, the premise might be all A’s are B’s. C is an A; therefore, C is a B. That is a (c)valid argument. Formal logic has been around since the time of Aristotle. However, in ancient China, there was no concern about formal logic. From my perspective, the nature of social relations determines the way of thinking in any society. In a broader context, I believe the origin of all these differences is economic. The way you earn a living determines your social relationships, which (d)in turn determines the way you think. There is good evidence for this. For example, China is a land of plains with rivers running through them. It’s very well equipped for mass agriculture. In Greece, that’s (e)common. Greece is full of mountains descending to the sea, so occupations there were more likely to be tending small farms, trading, or keeping animals.

11. 윗글의 요약문을 완성하시오. (주어진 어구를 사용할 것)

→ Differences in thinking between Eastern and Western societies are reflected in formal logic, social relationships, and economic practices, showing that ___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

cognitive patterns, shape, of, society, the structure, and, people, the ways, earn, a living, their

12. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

① (a)     ② (b)      ③ (c)     ④ (d)     ⑤ (e)

[13-14] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Lee: You have praised holistic thinking as a key way to compensate for the limitations in Western analytic thinking. Would you define your views on cultural “contact” between different thinking styles as focusing more on the positive than the negative?

Nisbett: As a social psychologist, I cannot think of anything negative about cultural differences, because viewing problems through different approaches helps address them. For example, South Korean society is tremendously successful. It seems you have adapted the analytic Western style of thinking, which directly contrasts with your holistic Eastern style of thinking. This is amazing! Your GDP per capita right after the Korean War was the same as the African country of Kenya. Korea has progressed extremely rapidly. There is something going on, possibly a hybridization, that has proved to be highly beneficial.

Lee: Looking into the future, what would you recommend for those who want to learn about different thinking styles?

Nisbett: Reading essays and books as I did on these topics is a good place to start. And, of course, I would recommend reading my own book. (laughs)

Lee: I would recommend that too. Thank you for speaking with me today, Professor Nisbett. It’s been an enlightening experience.

13. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Cultural Challenges in East Asia

② How to Improve GDP per Capita Quickly

③ The Negative Effects of Cultural Differences

④ The History of Western Analytic Philosophy

⑤ Holistic and Analytic Thinking in a Global Context

14. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

① 동양식 전체적 사고와 서양식 분석적 사고의 차이는 부정적으로 평가될 수 있다.

② 문화 차이는 대체로 사회·경제적 발전을 저해하는 요인이 된다.

③ 한국은 서양식 분석 사고와 동양식 전체적 사고를 결합하여 빠른 경제 성장을 이루었다.

④ 사고방식의 차이에 대해 배우고자 한다면 경제적 성공 사례를 따라 하는 것이 가장 효과적이다.

⑤ 인터뷰에서는 주로 서양 철학과 교육 제도에 관한 내용이 강조되었다.

[15-16] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

In an increasingly globalized workplace, where team members might be spread across continents and clients are spread even more widely, communicating within proper cultural norms can determine whether teams work well together, secure a deal, or watch everything fall apart.

____________________________ are prevailing themes that influence Asian communication styles. This quickly becomes apparent in speaking patterns. There is a strong emphasis on listening, and many Asian business people, following what they are taught growing up, will wait for a sentence to end before responding, then also wait for a couple of beats of silence before talking. “You can imagine the outcome on a global team for those individuals who are waiting for silence that never comes,” said Erin Meyer, who specializes in cross-cultural management and is the author of The Culture Map. “Business people from Asian countries tend to be stronger negotiators compared with managers from Western cultures,” said Gayle Cotton, who offers training and coaching programs to global clients.

That’s because they wait to speak —which often throws off the people on the other side of the table — and they reveal very little with facial expressions and body language. “They will pause and be quiet and honor us to show what we have said is important to them and that they are reflecting on it,” said Cotton. ( ① ) “They don’t want to respond hastily, and Americans often don't get that.” ( ② ) Asian cultures are also the least direct cultures in the world, Meyer explained. ( ③ ) Open criticism, negative feedback, and the word “no” are almost always avoided, because they all are considered highly disrespectful. ( ④ ) Asian cultures tend to be very hierarchical. ( ⑤ ) Authority is highly respected and meetings that include different levels of hierarchy are not encouraged.

15. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Respect and honor

② Speed and efficiency

③ Harmony and patience

④ Openness and directness

⑤ Authority and punctuality

16. 윗글의 흐름으로 보아, 다음 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

“Maybe is a no,” Cotton said.

①         ②         ③         ④         ⑤

[17-18] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Controlling the size of the population, known as population engineering, is a deeply divisive area. Today, any policies involving quotas or targets to increase or decrease the human population are almost universally condemned. The risk of these incentives leading to pressure or other violence is seen as too great. However, there is little agreement beyond this.

At one end of the spectrum (a) lie those who see lower fertility rates in some areas as a crisis. One demographer is so concerned about the localized drop in the birth rate in the U.K. (b) that he has suggested taxing the childless. As of 2019, there were 1.65 children born in the country per woman on average. This is below the replacement level, the number of births (c) required to maintain the same population size, of 2.075.

The opposing view is that slowing and eventually halting global population growth is not only eminently manageable and desirable but also achievable via entirely voluntary means, such as simply helping women avoid getting pregnant and (d) provide education. In this way, proponents of this position believe we could not only benefit the planet but also (e) improve the quality of life experienced by the poorest citizens worldwide.

On the other hand, many advocate for shifting the focus to our activities and consumption habits. Supporters argue that the quantity of resources each person uses up has greater influence, and they point out that consumption is significantly higher in wealthier countries with lower birth rates. Reducing our individual demands on the planet could lower humanity’s footprint without hindering growth in poorer countries.

17. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않은 것은?

① 한 인구학자는 출산율 감소 문제 해결을 위해 무자녀 세금을 제안했다.

② 영국의 합계 출산율은 인구 대체 수준보다 낮다.

③ 인구 증가 억제를 지지하는 사람들은 자발적 수단을 통한 인구 정책에 부정적이다.

④ 일부 사람들은 우리의 소비 습관 변화가 인구 증가 문제보다 더 중요하다고 주장한다.

⑤ 소비 수준은 출산율이 낮은 부유한 국가에서 높게 나타난다.

18. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 어법상 틀린 것은?

① (a)      ② (b)      ③ (c)      ④ (d)       ⑤ (e)

19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Recent findings from the World Bank have revealed a ①concerning trend: urban populations worldwide have increased by over 60% in the last few decades, far exceeding the growth of essential services like housing, healthcare, and education, leaving millions stuck in conditions of poverty and hardship.

This worrying reality ②underscores the urgent need for comprehensive action to address the growing strain on resources. The increasing gap between population growth and infrastructure development ③worsens social differences and creates significant challenges for the well-being of urban communities.

Notably, the strain on resources looms large, given the finite nature of many essential commodities. As urban populations continue to swell and resource demands escalate, it is imperative to adopt sustainable practices and policies that ④neglect population growth with resource availability. Failure to address these issues risks worsening social inequalities, harming environmental sustainability, and putting the well-being of present and future generations at risk. It is time for concerted action to ⑤ensure a more equitable and sustainable future for all.

[20-21] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

Demographics influence more than just the environment and economy. They are also a powerful hidden force in shaping the quality of people’s lives worldwide. According to one study, a country’s prospects are determined by the rate of population growth or decline, not by the absolute number of people in the country.

(B)

Governments in countries with high population growth should therefore set up policies to slow down the rate of growth. One factor with a well-documented role in slowing down this rate of growth is the education of women. As women get access to education, they begin to work outside the family, which competes with childbearing. However, we need to emphasize the merits of education independent of its impact on population size.

(C)

Therefore, what matters most is not the size of the population but whether or not the government has the resources to improve its infrastructure in order to maintain the correct level of access to those services for its citizens. In light of this study, the longer it takes for a country to reach a certain population, the greater the likelihood that its government will be able to establish the right structures in the system that will support that population.

(D)

This gets to the heart of one modern view on population engineering — policies should be implemented for the benefit of society, and if they happen to lead to beneficial demographic changes, that’s just a bonus. We should make the necessary investments to get to the rate of growth that is consistent with where countries want to go. That is the magnitude of the opportunity that exists. The decisions made by governments across the globe over the coming decades will be greatly influential in determining how many people there are on the planet.

20. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(D)-(C)               ② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)               ④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

21. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① effects of women’s education on population decrease

②  need for international cooperation to address population issues

③ environmental and economic challenges caused by population change

④ necessity of government investment in infrastructure for citizen’s welfare

⑤ importance of growth rate and government policy over population size

[22-23] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

The report cites cases in which _____________________

_____________________________________________.

In Uzbekistan, for example, doctors have spoken to the international media about pressure to use sterilization to reduce the population rate, with the government arguing that poorer patients can’t afford more children. In Russia, “mother heroines” with large families receive financial incentives. Other countries, like Romania and the United States, have faced abortion restrictions. India proposed a two-child policy with sterilization incentives and penalties for exceeding family size limits. South Korea, which has the world’s lowest birth rate, is now offering families payments and other benefits to anyone who gives birth to a child. United Nations experts say these policies generally don’t work in the long term.

“Such measures will not help in any meaningful way to reverse fertility trends,” said Michael Herrmann, senior adviser of economics and demography to the UNFPA. He told the press briefing that demographic changes might cause some of the challenges the world faces, but “manipulating population numbers” isn’t the solution, as these measures often only encourage people to have children earlier, not more of them.

22. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말을 아래 보기에 주어진 단어만 사용하여 쓰시오. (한 단어를 어법상 적절한 형태로 고쳐 쓸 것)

toward, may not, reproductive choices, governments, otherwise make, population targets, set by, be,  pushing people, they

23. 윗글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Some countries have imposed abortion restrictions to influence fertility.

②  Forced sterilization is the most effective way to control overpopulation.

③ Manipulating population numbers is not a real solution to demographic issues.

④  Governments should focus on long-term social support rather than short-term targets.

⑤  Financial incentives rewarded by governments usually succeed in increasing fertility in the long term.

[24-25] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

In Canada, where the fertility rate is low, some experts say the solutions that best tackle economic concerns are through                        . “Some of the responsibility of taking care of children needs to be taken off women’s shoulders,” said Marina Adshade, an economics professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Adshade said policies that require or encourage more men to take parental leave, more flexibility for both women and men at work, and affordable child care would all make a big difference. “It’s just simply not going to work if you’re just repeatedly telling women that they have to make sacrifices for the greater good,” she said.

For a generation of young people, the choice not to have children is rooted in a lack of policies that support future generations. In 2019, Emma Lim, a fourth-year student at McGill University in Montreal, launched a movement called #NoFutureNoChildren — a pledge not to have children until the Canadian government takes serious steps to fight climate change. So far, she’s sticking to it, saying her reluctance isn’t limited to climate change policies. “We have a cost-of-housing crisis. We don’t have a very strong financial future. When you add climate change ... it just doesn’t look like a promising world,” Lim said. This echoes the UNFPA report, which states that family planning without “improving the low status of women and girls around the world will likely have only a limited impact on broader economic and social development.”

24. 윗글의 제목으로 알맞은 것은?

① The Rise of the #NoFutureNoChildren Movement

② The Impact of Climate Change on Housing Prices

③ Family Planning as the Sole Answer to Low Fertility

④ Rethinking Fertility: Policies, Equality, and the Future

⑤ Canada’s Population Growth and Economic Concerns

25. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① flexible work arrangements

② supportive government policies

③ heavy investment in infrastructure

④ voluntary family planning programs

⑤ women’s responsibility in childbearing

Answers_중간고사

문항번호	문제 유형, 출제 의도	문항 형태	정답
1	제목 추론	선다형	②
2	함축 의미 추론	선다형	①
3	내용 일치 여부	선다형	②
4	어휘(main)	선다형	⑤
5	주제 추론	선다형	②
6	내용 일치 여부	선다형	④
7	요지 추론	선다형	③
8	영작: not only ~ but also...	서술형	not only provides beauty but also provokes thought and discussion
9	빈칸 추론	선다형	①
10	글의 흐름과 무관한 문장	선다형	③
11	요약문 완성	서술형	the structure of society and the ways people earn a living shape their cognitive patterns
12	어휘(impossible)	선다형	⑤
13	제목 추론	선다형	⑤
14	내용 일치 여부	선다형	③
15	빈칸 추론	선다형	①
16	주어진 문장의 위치	선다형	④
17	내용 일치 여부	선다형	③
18	어법(동명사 병렬구조)	선다형	④
19	어휘(balance)	선다형	④
20	글의 순서	선다형	②
21	주제 추론	선다형	⑤
22	영작(otherwise)	서술형	population targets set by governments are pushing people toward reproductive choices they may not otherwise make
23	요지 추론	선다형	③
24	제목 추론	선다형	④
25	빈칸 추론	선다형	②