1. 다음 글에서 Ikey가 가장 중요하게 생각한 것은?

기말고사

Unit

4-5

Class            Name

At six o’clock, Ikey Snigglefritz laid down his iron. Ikey was a tailor’s apprentice. Are there tailor’s apprentices nowadays? At any rate, Ikey sewed and pressed and patched all day in the steamy, smelly tailor shop. But when work was done, Ikey hitched his wagon to such stars as his own sky let shine. It was Saturday night, and the boss reluctantly laid twelve dirty dollars in his hand. Ikey subtly rinsed his hands in water, put on his coat, hat, and collar with its ragged tie and second-hand pin, and set forth in pursuit of his ideals. For each of us, when our day’s work is done, must seek our ideal, whether it be love or card games or lobster Newburg, or the sweet silence of the old bookshelves. Ikey’s legs carried him to and into that famous place of entertainment known as the Cafe Maginnis — famous because it was the hangout of Billy McMahan, the greatest man. Ikey crept along the bar and gazed, breathing fast, at his idol. Ikey threw his week’s wages in a wrinkled roll upon the bar.

① wealth	② family

③ ideals	④ power

⑤ entertainment

[2-3] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Behold Ikey as he strolls up the street beneath the roaring elevated railway between the rows of stinking factories. Pale, insignificant, dirty, cursed to exist forever in poverty of body and mind, yet, as he swings his cheap cane and projects the disgusting inhalations from his cigarette, you perceive that (A)he nurtures in his cold heart the germs of society. Ikey’s legs carried him to and into that famous place of entertainment known as the Cafe Maginnis — famous because it was the hangout of (a)Billy McMahan, the greatest man, the most wonderful man, Ikey thought, that the world had ever produced. Billy McMahan was (b)the district leader. Upon him the Tiger purred, and (c)his hand held manna to scatter. Now, as Ikey entered, McMahan stood, flushed and triumphant and mighty, (d)the center of a cheering crowd of his subordinates and constituents. It seems there had been an election; a signal victory had been won; the city had been swept back into line by a resistless flood of votes. Ikey crept along the bar and gazed, breathing fast, at (e)his idol.

2. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

① (a)     ② (b)     ③ (c)     ④ (d)     ⑤ (e)

3. 밑줄 친 (A) he nurtures in his cold heart the germs of society가 윗글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

① His cold heart keeps him from socializing.

② He has withdrawn from social life and relationships.

③ He secretly hopes for social connections and recognition.

④ He lives in a dirty environment, full of germs.

⑤ He harbors anger and resentment toward society.

[4-5] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

How magnificent was Billy McMahan, with his great, smooth, laughing face; his gray eyes, clever as a chicken hawk’s; his diamond ring, his voice like a trumpet call, his prince’s air, his thick and active roll of money, his rousing speech to friends and associates — oh, what a king of men he was! How he overshadowed his subordinates, though they themselves were distinguished, large and serious, blue of chin and important of manner, with hands buried deep in the pockets of their short overcoats! But Billy — oh, what small use are words to paint for you his glory as seen by Ikey Snigglefritz!

The Cafe Maginnis rang to the note of victory. The white-coated bartenders threw themselves skillfully upon bottles, corks and glasses. The loyal and the hopeful shook Billy McMahan’s hand. And there was born suddenly in the worshipful soul of Ikey Snigglefritz an audacious, thrilling impulse. He stepped forward into the little cleared space in which majesty moved and held out his hand. Billy McMahan grasped it unhesitatingly, shook it and smiled. Made mad now by the gods who were about to destroy him, Ikey threw away his scabbard and charged upon Olympus.

“Have a drink with me, Billy,” he said familiarly, “you and your friends?”

“Don’t mind if I do, old man,” said the great leader, “just to keep the ball rolling.”

The last spark of Ikey’s reason fled.

“Wine,” he called to the bartender, waving a trembling hand.

4. 윗글에서 묘사된 Billy McMahan의 모습으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Timid and unnoticed

② Authoritative but unpopular

③ Charismatic and dignified leader

④ Wealthy but friendless

⑤ Showy but incompetent

5. 윗글에서 Ikey Snigglefritz가 Billy McMahan을 바라보며 보인 태도로 가장 알맞은 것은?

① 냉담하게 거리를 두었다.

② 존경심에 사로잡혀 대담해졌다.

③ Billy의 약점을 비판하려 했다.

④ 무관심하게 자리를 떠났다.

⑤ 경쟁심을 드러내며 대립했다.

[6-7] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Billy McMahan had a wife, and upon her visiting cards was engraved the name “Mrs. William Darragh McMahan.” And there was a certain ①irritation attendant upon these cards; for, small as they were, there were houses in which they could not be inserted. Billy McMahan was a ②dictator in politics, a four-walled tower in business, dreaded, loved and obeyed among his own people. He was growing rich; the daily papers had a dozen men on his trail to capture his every word of ③wisdom; he had been honored in caricature holding the Tiger on a leash.

But the heart of Billy was sometimes ④sore within him. There was a race of men from which he stood apart but that he viewed with the eye of Moses looking over into the promised land. He, too, had ideals, even as had Ikey Snigglefritz; and sometimes, hopeless of attaining them, his own solid success was as dust and ashes in his mouth. And Mrs. William Darragh McMahan wore a look of ⑤content upon her plump but pretty face, and even her silks seemed to sigh as she moved.

6. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

① (a)     ② (b)      ③ (c)     ④ (d)     ⑤ (e)

7. 윗글에 드러난 Billy McMahan의 내적 갈등으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① 정치적 권력과 사업적 성공을 유지할 수 있을지에 대한 불안

② 신문과 풍자화에서의 이미지가 실제와 다르다는 점에서 오는 분노

③ 부와 명성을 얻었음에도 가정적 불화로 인해 느끼는 고통

④ 외부적 성공에도 불구하고 사회적 이상과의 거리에서 오는 허무감

⑤ 아내의 사치와 허영심으로 인해 느끼는 불만

[8-10] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Four tables away sat alone a tall, slender man, about thirty, with thoughtful, melancholy eyes, a Van Dyke beard and peculiarly white, thin hands. He was dining on steak, dry toast and sparkling water. That man was Cortlandt Van Duyckink, a man worth eighty million, who inherited and held a sacred seat in the exclusive inner circle of society.

Billy McMahan spoke to no one around him, because he knew no one. Van Duyckink kept his eyes on his plate because he knew that everyone present was hungry to catch his. He could bestow knighthood and prestige by a nod, and he was reluctant to create a too extensive nobility.

And then Billy McMahan conceived and accomplished the most startling and audacious act of his life. He rose deliberately and walked over to Cortlandt Van Duyckink’s table and held out his hand.

“Say, Mr. Van Duyckink,” he said, “I’ve heard you were talking about starting some reforms among the poor people down in my district. I’m McMahan, you know. Well, if that’s straight, I’ll do all I can to help you. And what I say goes in that neck of the woods, doesn’t it? Oh, I’d say it certainly does.”

Van Duyckink’s rather gloomy eyes lit up. He rose to his slender height and grasped Billy McMahan’s hand.

“Thank you, Mr. McMahan,” he said, in his deep, serious tones. “I have been thinking of doing some work of that sort. I shall be glad of your assistance. It pleases me to have become acquainted with you.”

Billy walked back to his seat. (A) His body was tingling from the praise bestowed by royalty. A hundred eyes were now turned upon him in envy and new admiration. Mrs. William Darragh McMahan trembled with ecstasy, so that her diamonds assaulted the eye almost with pain. And now it was apparent that at many tables there were those who suddenly remembered that they enjoyed Mr. McMahan’s acquaintance. He saw smiles and bows about him. He became enveloped in the aura of dizzy greatness. Billy McMahan was happy.

(B) He had shaken the hand of Cortlandt Van Duyckink.

8. 윗글에서 묘사된 Cortlandt Van Duyckink에 대한 설명으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① An ordinary man, earning money through hard work

② A poor but ambitious man, seeking political connections

③ A political leader, admired for reforms among the poor

④ A critic of social elites, avoiding Billy McMahan

⑤ A wealthy heir with great influence, cautious in granting recognition

9. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (A)의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은?

① He regrets his actions.

② He is physically exhausted.

③ He is afraid of Van Duyckink.

④ He is confused by the attention.

⑤ He feels honored and important.

10. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (B)의 장면이 상징하는 의미를 나타내고자 한다. 보기에서 적절한 말을 골라 빈칸을 완성하시오. (보기의 단어는 한 번만 사용할 것)

→ The handshake reflects Billy’s longing for (a) ________, his desire for social (b) ________, and his pursuit of (c) ________ mobility.

upward / wealth / equality／recognition /

/ friendship / prestige

[11-12] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Down Delancey slowly crept the pale-gray auto. Away from it wandered groups of ①wondering, tangle-haired, barefooted, unwashed children. It stopped before a crazy brick structure, stinking and uneven.

Van Duyckink stopped ②to examine at a better perspective one of the leaning walls. Down the steps of the building came a young man who seemed to perfectly represent its degradation, filth and misery — a narrow-chested, pale, unpleasant young man, smoking a cigarette.

③Obeying a sudden impulse, Van Duyckink stepped out and warmly grasped the hand of what seemed to him a living rebuke.

“I want to know you people,” he said, sincerely. “I am going to help you as much as I can. We shall be friends.”

As the auto crept carefully away Cortlandt Van Duyckink felt an ④unaccustomed glow about his heart. He was near to ⑤be a happy man.

He had shaken the hand of Ikey Snigglefritz.

11. 윗글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

➡ Van Duyckink, a wealthy reform-minded man, ____(A)____ with a poor young man, Ikey Snigglefritz, when visiting a poor district, and felt an unfamiliar joy close to ____(B)____ after warmly shaking his hand.

(A)                        (B)

① impulsively connected    –  genuine happiness

② deliberately argued	–  moral superiority

③ warmly bonded	–  spiritual awakening

④ briefly encountered	–  authentic joy

⑤ superficially observed	–  fleeting happiness

12. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

①         ②         ③         ④         ⑤

[13-14] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Are you interested in cutting-edge developments in artificial intelligence and how they’re revolutionizing various industries? AI is quickly becoming a crucial part of many industries, including healthcare, banking, retail, and manufacturing, promising to deliver better business results by automating and optimizing tasks. Furthermore, the widespread application of commercial AI programs in nearly every aspect of our lives holds the potential to significantly enhance the overall human experience. AI-driven virtual assistants, language translation services, and personalized recommendation algorithms exemplify how these technologies can positively impact daily interactions, making them more efficient and tailored to individual needs. Despite these promising developments, concerns have arisen that these complex and incomprehensible systems may do more harm than good to society, hindering their potential to fulfill their game-changing promise of reducing costs and improving efficiency. Private companies use AI software to make critical decisions about healthcare treatments, loan approvals, and even employment opportunities, but with minimal government oversight, there’s a risk that these programs may be encoded with structural biases, leading to unfair outcomes for certain groups.

13. 윗글의 요지로 가장 알맞은 것은?

① 인공지능 프로그램은 아직은 민간 기업들이 채택하기에 너무 비싸다.

② 정부는 이미 인공지능 활용에 대해 엄격한 통제를 가하고 있다.

③ 사람들은 여전히 인공지능 기반 서비스보다 전통적인 서비스를 선호한다.

④ 적절한 규제 없이 사용될 경우 인공지능이 불공정한 결과를 초래할 수 있다.

⑤ 인공지능은 보건이나 금융과 같은 산업에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다.

14. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① 인공지능은 의료, 금융, 소매, 제조 등 여러 산업에서 활용되고 있다.

② 인공지능은 번역 서비스와 추천 알고리즘 등을 통해 일상생활에 기여하고 있다.

③ 인공지능은 아직 비용 문제 때문에 산업 현장에서 널리 적용되지 못하고 있다.

④ 민간 기업들은 인공지능을 이용해 치료, 대출, 채용 등과 같은 중요한 결정을 내리고 있다.

⑤ 인공지능이 규제 없이 사용될 경우 편견이 반영된 불공정한 결과를 낳을 수 있다.

[15-16] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

The growing appeal and utility of AI are undeniable. Almost all major companies now have multiple AI systems and consider the deployment of AI as integral to their strategy. Early on, it was popularly assumed (A)___________________________________

___________________________________________________________. However, AI has rapidly grown in sophistication, owing to more powerful computers and the compilation of huge data sets. One branch, machine learning, notable for its ability to sort and analyze massive amounts of data and to learn over time, has transformed countless fields.

Firms are now using AI to manage the purchasing of materials and products from suppliers and to integrate an enormous amount of information to aid in strategic decision-making. And because of its capacity to process data so quickly, AI tools are helping to minimize time devoted to the pricey trial-and-error of product development ― a critical advance for an industry like medicine, where it costs $1 billion to bring a new pill to market, explained Joseph Fuller, a professor of management practice at Harvard Business School.

15. 윗글의 빈칸 (A)에 들어갈 말을 아래 보기에 주어진 단어만 사용하여 쓰시오. (동사의 형태를 어법에 맞게 쓸 것)

low-level decision-making / would / the automation / that / of / require / involve / simple repetitive tasks/ the future of AI

16. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

① 대부분의 기업은 AI를 아직 전략에 포함시키지 않고 있다.

② AI의 발전은 주로 인력 감축과 비용 절감의 결과였다.

③ 기계 학습은 데이터 분석과 학습으로 많은 분야를 변화시켰다.

④ AI는 공급업체 관리보다는 내부 보고 자동화에 더 중점적으로 사용된다.

⑤ 의약품 개발은 상대적으로 적은 비용으로 이루어진다.

17. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Rather than replacing employees, AI takes on the important technical tasks of their work. In employment, AI software processes résumés and analyzes job interviewees’ voice and facial expressions as part of the hiring process. ①In transportation and logistics, it provides routes for package delivery trucks, which potentially frees workers to focus on other responsibilities, making them more productive and, therefore, more valuable to employers. ②It’s allowing employees to do more, and to do it better. ③They make fewer errors and can develop their expertise and disseminate it more effectively throughout the organization. ④In fact, AI is expected to reduce employees’ roles and completely replace most jobs. ⑤Though automation is here to stay, the elimination of entire job categories is likely to be rare, according to Fuller.

18. 밑줄 친 ①～⑤ 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

AI presents three major areas of ethical concern for society: privacy and surveillance, bias and discrimination, and, perhaps the deepest, most ① difficult philosophical question of the era, the role of human judgment. “Debates about privacy safeguards and how to overcome bias in algorithmic decision-making in sentencing, parole, and employment practices are by now ② unfamiliar,” said Sandel, referring to the conscious and unconscious prejudices of program developers, as well as those built into the datasets used to train the software. “But we’ve not yet wrapped our minds around the hardest question: Can smart machines outthink us, or are certain elements of human judgment ③ indispensable in deciding some of the most important things in life?” Panic over AI suddenly injecting bias into everyday life on a large scale is ④ overstated, says Fuller. He argues that the business world and the workplace, which are full of human decision-making, have always involved “all sorts” of biases that prevent people from making deals or landing contracts and jobs. When adjusted carefully and deployed thoughtfully, résumé-screening software allows a wider pool of applicants to be considered than could be done otherwise and should ⑤ minimize the potential for favoritism that comes with human gatekeepers.

[19-20] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Humans ultimately control bias in AI ― the users select the original input data and introduce bias to influence outcomes.   (A)  , one major American company that receives a massive amount of job applications decided to test applying AI to its recruitment process. When it did so, the company used the résumés of current employees as input data. So, what was the outcome? The company widely shared that when using the selected demographic sampling, the results were biased against women. During the testing process, it was discovered that if the word “women” was anywhere on a résumé, that individual never got a call. The company realized the input data was part of the issue and never deployed the model for hiring managers.　Sharing this information and being sensitive to the results are essential as we continue discovering the best use of this technology. Since bias is highly related to intent, the example above must not be interpreted as a malicious use of AI.      (B)  , it demonstrates the necessity of introspection in the use of AI. Companies can correct outcomes by factoring in bias to the model to help them achieve a more balanced result.

19. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Malicious Uses of AI in Hiring

② How Input Data Creates Bias in AI

③ The Bright Future of AI Without Any Bias

④ AI Recruitment Models Guarantee Fairness

⑤ The Decline of Human Involvement in Employment

20. 윗글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

(A)                      (B)

① In addition	……    Otherwise

② In addition	……    Instead

③ As a result	……    Moreover

④ For example	……    Moreover

⑤ For example	……    Instead

[21-22] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Given AI’s power and expected ubiquity, some argue that its use should be (a) tightly regulated. But there’s little consensus on how that should be done and who should make the rules. Thus far, companies that develop or use AI systems largely self-police, (b) relying on existing laws and market forces, like negative reactions from consumers and shareholders or the demands of highly prized AI technical talent, to keep them in line.

Firms already consider their own potential liability from misuse before a product launch, but it’s not realistic (c) to expect companies to prevent every possible unintended consequence of their product. Few believe the federal government is up to the job or will ever be. “The regulatory bodies are not equipped with the expertise in artificial intelligence to engage in oversight without some real focus and investment,” said Fuller, noting that the rapid rate of technological change (d) means even the most informed legislators can’t keep pace. (e) Require every new product using AI to be prescreened for potential social harms is not only impractical but would also create a huge drag on innovation.

21. 윗글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Market forces are strong enough to regulate AI effectively without government involvement.

② Government regulators are well-prepared to keep up with the rapid changes of AI.

③ Strict AI regulation is unrealistic; lacking expertise, governments leave oversight mostly to companies.

④ Requiring prescreening of AI products is the best way to minimize unintended consequences.

⑤ The development of AI should be stopped until proper regulation is established.

22. 윗글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 잘못된 것은?

① (a)      ② (b)      ③ (c)      ④ (d)      ⑤ (e)

[23-24] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Business leaders “can’t have it both ways,” refusing responsibility for AI’s harmful consequences while also fighting government oversight, Sandel maintains. “The problem is these big tech companies are neither self-regulating nor subject to adequate government regulation. I think there needs to be more of both,” he said, later adding, “We can’t assume that market forces by themselves will sort out the issues.” “Companies have to think seriously about the ethical consequences of what they’re doing and we, as democratic citizens, have to educate ourselves about tech and its social and ethical implications ― not only to decide what the regulations should be, but also to decide what role we want big tech and social media to play in our lives,” said Sandel. He believes doing so will require a major educational intervention. This suggests that we all need to be educated enough about tech and the ethical implications of new technologies so that when we are working for or running companies in the future, or when we are acting as democratic citizens, we will be able to ensure that technology serves human purposes rather than undermines a decent civic life.

23. 윗글에서 필자의 주장으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① 시장의 자율 기능은 AI 문제를 해결하기에 충분하다.

② 빅테크 기업은 정부 규제 없이 스스로 책임을 다할 수 있다.

③ AI 규제와 관련해 기업과 시민 모두의 교육과 책임이 필요하다.

④ 민주 시민은 기술의 경제적 측면에만 관심을 가져야 한다.

⑤ 기술 발전은 사회적·윤리적 문제와 무관하게 추진되어야 한다.

24. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① Sandel은 빅테크 기업들이 자율 규제도 충분히 하고 있으며 정부 규제도 적절히 받고 있다고 본다.

② Sandel은 시장의 힘만으로는 AI 문제 해결을 기대할 수 없다고 주장한다.

③ Sandel은 기업이 기술의 윤리적 결과를 심각하게 고려해야 한다고 강조한다.

④ Sandel은 민주 시민들이 기술의 사회적·윤리적 함의에 대해 교육받아야 한다고 말한다.

⑤ Sandel은 기술이 인간의 목적에 기여해야 하며, 건전한 시민 생활을 해치지 않아야 한다고 주장한다.

25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

It is a common misconception that science and technology pose a threat to civilization. In reality, they have brought immeasurable benefits to humanity, transforming every aspect of our lives and enhancing our world in countless ways.

Science has given us the means to understand our environment and develop technologies that have significantly impacted our lives, from medicine and energy to transportation and communication. Technology has enabled us to address some of the most pressing challenges that humanity faces, including climate change, poverty, and disease. With new innovations, we have found ways to generate clean energy, improve food production, cure diseases, and foster global connections. While science and technology do have associated risks, these issues are not inherent to the tools themselves. Rather, they result from human decisions and can be addressed through responsible and ethical use. It is crucial that science and technology are used to advance the well-being of society and the environment, rather than to cause harm.

In summary, science and technology are not a threat to civilization but are instead some of the most important tools that we have to create a better future for ourselves and future generations. We must embrace these tools and use them responsibly to build a sustainable and equitable world for all.

① When Innovation Fails to Improve Human Life

② The Decline of Civilization in the Age of Technology

③ Science and Technology: Tools for Building a Better World

④ The Hidden Dangers of Modern Technological Development

⑤ Why Science and Technology Should Be Feared in the Future

Answers_기말고사

문항번호	문제 유형, 출제 의도	문항 형태	정답
1	구체적인 정보	선다형	③
2	지칭 추론	선다형	⑤
3	함축 의미 추론	선다형	③
4	심경, 분위기 추론	선다형	③
5	세부 내용 파악	선다형	②
6	어휘(discontent)	선다형	⑤
7	심경 추론	선다형	④
8	세부 내용 파악	선다형	⑤
9	함축 의미(수사법) 파악	선다형	⑤
10	함축 의미 파악	완성형	(a) prestige (b) recognition (c) upward
11	요약문 완성	선다형	①
12	어법 (전치사 to의 목적어)	선다형	⑤
13	요지 추론	선다형	④
14	내용 일치 여부(불일치)	선다형	③
15	빈칸 완성	완성형	that the future of AI would involve the automation of simple repetitive tasks requiring low-level decision-making
16	내용 일치 여부(일치)	선다형	③
17	글의 흐름과 무관한 문장	선다형	④
18	어휘(familiar)	선다형	②
19	제목 추론	선다형	②
20	연결어구	선다형	⑤
21	요지 추론	선다형	③
22	어법(동명사)	선다형	⑤
23	핵심 주장 파악	선다형	③
24	내용 일치 여부 (불일치)	선다형	①
25	제목 추론	선다형	③